Systems and method for sealing pipelines using a gel pig

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides systems and methods for curing a leakage in a pipeline, the system including at least one gel pig and at least one sealant composition; wherein the at least one gel pig and the at least one sealant composition form a pig train, adapted to move along the pipeline to a region of the leakage and to seal the leakage.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to gel pigs for use in pipelinesand methods for producing them, and more specifically to methods andapparatus for use in water pipelines.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many liquids are transported via subterranean/underwater pipelines. Whena leakage crack or hole forms in the pipeline, the liquid leakstherefrom. Often, it takes a long time to detect a leakage and yetlonger to locate the leakage site. Oil, gas and water transportation arethus subject to tremendous losses due to pipeline leakage.

There is thus a need to maintain and seal subterranean/underwaterpipelines quickly in situ.

Several patent publications in the field include U.S. Pat. No.3,523,826A which relates to a process for cleaning a piping system whichis characterized by circulating in, and through said system athixotropic emulsion having a hi.-h volume ratio of internal phase toexternal phase, the emulsion having an emulsifying agent, anemulsifiable oil and a non-oil, the emulsion being an oil-in-non-oil ora non-oil-in-oil emulsion, the internal phase of said emulsion beingpresent in said emulsion in an amount of at least 80% by volume of theemulsion, said emulsion having the characteristics of a solid when atrest and the characteristics of a liquid when a force is exerted on it,said emulsion tending to be non-adhesive, said emulsion having acritical shear point sufficient to permit pumping at high rates, andsaid emulsion having an apparent rest viscosity greater than about 1000cps.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,026 describes a method for removing fluid and/orparticulate debris from a pipeline, a Bingham plastic fluid plug ispassed through a pipeline and the fluid and/or debris are collected bythe plug. The plug is pushed through the pipeline with a scraper whichin turn may be pushed by liquid or gas pressure. Where the fluid to beremoved is water, the Bingham plastic fluid plug employed preferably isa composition of water and a xanthan gum, and the gum may becross-linked with a multivalent metal. Where the fluid to be removed isa hydrocarbon, the Bingham plastic fluid plug employed preferably is acomposition of a mineral oil and an organo-modified smectite, and mayalso include a particulate filler such as powdered coal.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,252,465A describes a gel plug, which is employed duringconstruction of an offshore pipeline to separate a gas-filled portion ofthe pipeline from a water-flooded portion, and to facilitate control andmovement of the gas/gel plug/water interface as desired to assist inconstruction operations.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,559A relates to an interior surface of a pipelinebeing dried by sequentially passing through the pipeline (a) an aqueouscross-linked gelled pig, (b) a fluid mobility buffer comprising anon-cross-linked gelled ankanol of from one to three carbon atoms, (c) adessicating amount of a liquid alkanol from one to three carbon atoms.For example, a pipeline was dried by sequentially passing through it (a)a borate cross-linked hydroxypropyl guar gum pig, (b) a fluid mobilitybuffer comprising methanol thickened with hydroxypropyl cellulose, and(c) methanol.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,722 discloses a gel plug of mineral oil,organo-modified smectite, and a particulate filler such as powderedcoal, or a gel plug of mineral oil and organo-modified smectite isemployed during construction of an off-shore pipeline to separate agas-filled portion of the pipeline from a water-flooded portion, and tofacilitate control and movement of a gas/gel plug/water interface asdesired to assist in construction operations.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,703 describes a method to remove particulate debrisfrom a pipeline, a plug train including at least one gel plug havingdebris entraining characteristics and at least one pseudoplastic plug ispassed through a pipeline and the debris is collected by the gel plug.The gel plug is pushed through the pipeline with a scraper which in turnmay be pushed by liquid or gas pressure.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,968A discloses gelled compositions comprisingcarboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose in aqueous brine solutions, whichare gelled by the addition of an alkaline earth metal hydroxide such ascalcium hydroxide. The gelled compositions have utility as waterdiversion agents, pusher fluids, fracturing fluids, drilling muds,work-over fluids, and completion fluids.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,339A provides a method of cleaning a pipeline usinga gel pig of a graft copolymer of a hydroxyalkyl cellulose prepared by aredox reaction with vinyl phosphonic acid. The gel pig is formed byhydrating the graft copolymer in an aqueous liquid. The gel pig iscrosslinked by the addition of a Lewis base or Bronsted-Lowry base, tothe gel in an amount sufficient to initiate crosslinking of the graftcopolymer. Contaminants entrained in the crosslinked gel pig during thecleaning process may be separated by the addition of a pH reducing agentto the pig whereby the viscosity of the gel is caused to decrease. Thegel may be used for further cleaning after contaminant separation byaddition of an additional quantity of the Lewis base or Bronsted-Lowrybase.

US2003109385A provides a process for treating a hydrocarbon-bearingformation having at least one hydrocarbon bearing zone and at least onewater bearing zone wherein the ratio of the permeability of thehydrocarbon bearing zone(s) to the permeability of the water bearingzone(s) is in the range of from 1:20 to 3:1 comprising: a) sequentiallyinjecting into the formation: (i) an aqueous polymer solution comprising0.01 to 0.5 weight percent of a water-soluble polymer having from 0.01to 7.5 mole percent of crosslinkable carboxylate and/or phosphonategroups and a molecular weight in the range of 250,000 to 12,000,000; and(ii) an aqueous solution of a crosslinking agent; and b) back-producingthe aqueous polymer solution over the crosslinking agent so that thepolymer crosslinks within the formation to form a gel which iscollapsible to allow hydrocarbon flow.

US2008277112A discloses a method for treating a portion of asubterranean formation or a propellant pack is provided. In general, themethod comprises the steps of: (A) forming or providing a treatmentfluid comprising: (i) water; (ii) a chelating agent capable of forming aheterocyclic ring that contains a metal ion attached to at least twononmetal ions; and (iii) a viscosity-increasing agent; and (B)introducing the treatment fluid into the wellbore under sufficientpressure to force the treatment fluid into the matrix of the formationor the propellant pack.

WO2008081441 describes a method of repairing leakage in pipelinescomprising the steps of forming a first and second openings in thepipeline upstream and downstream, respectively, of the leakage location,inserting through the first opening a first body, filling the spacearrear of the first body (C1) with a first viscous sealing material(M1), inserting through the first opening a second body (C2) arrear ofthe first viscous sealing material (M1) compressing the first sealingmaterial by applying a pressure against the first and the second bodies(C1, C2) in opposite directions, causing the first and second bodies(C1, C2) and the compressed first sealing material (M1) to move inunison in the direction of the second opening, and retrieving the firstand second bodies (C1, C2). Preferably, the method is performed usingthree bodies (C1, C2, C3) and two sealing materials (M1, M2).

However, there are still many types of pipeline leakages, which cannotbe cured using the aforementioned prior art materials and methods. Therethus remains an urgent need to develop systems and methods for curingpipeline leakages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of some aspects of the present invention to providemethods of forming gel pigs for use in systems and methods for sealingpipeline leakages.

In preferred embodiments of the present invention, improved methods areprovided for producing gel pigs.

In other embodiments of the present invention, a method and system areprovided for sealing water transport pipelines.

The present invention provides systems and methods for curing a leakagein a pipeline, the system including at least one gel pig and at leastone sealant composition; wherein the at least one gel pig and the atleast one sealant composition form a pig train, adapted to move alongthe pipeline to a region of the leakage and to seal the leakage.

There is thus provided according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, a system for curing at one leakage site in a pipeline, thesystem including;

-   -   a) at least one gel pig; and    -   b) at least one sealant composition; wherein the at least one        gel pig and the at least one sealant composition form a pig        train, adapted to move along the pipeline to a region of the at        least one leakage and to seal the at least one leakage.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes one gel pig and the at least one sealantcomposition includes one sealant composition.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one gel pig includes two gel pigs and the at least one sealantcomposition includes one sealant composition.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one gel pig includes three gel pigs and the at least one sealantcomposition includes two sealant compositions.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the pigtrain is adapted to move along the pipeline at a speed of 0.01 to 10m/s.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes one rear pig.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one of the two pigs has an average diameter of at least 5% lessthan an internal diameter of the pipeline.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, atleast one of the two pigs has an average diameter of at least 10% lessthan an internal diameter of the pipeline.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. a cellulosic polysaccharide;    -   b. an acid;    -   c. a base; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. a cellulosic polysaccharide;    -   b. boric acid;    -   c. a base; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. a gelling agent;    -   b. an acid;    -   c. a base; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. a gelling agent;    -   b. a cross-linker;    -   c. a base; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. a gelling agent;    -   b. a cross-linker; and    -   c. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. hydroxypropyl guar gum;    -   b. boric acid;    -   c. a base; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. hydroxypropyl guar gum;    -   b. boric acid; and    -   c. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. hydroxypropyl guar gum;    -   b. boric acid;    -   c. sodium hydroxide; and    -   d. water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. 1-5% weight hydroxypropyl guar gum;    -   b. 0.1-6% weight boric acid;    -   c. 0.1-4% weight sodium hydroxide; and    -   d. 70-99.5% weight water.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes;

-   -   a. 1-5% weight hydroxypropyl guar gum;    -   b. 0.1-6% weight boric acid;    -   c. 0.1-4% weight sodium hydroxide; and    -   d. 70-99.5% weight water.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one gel pig further includes;

-   -   e. a filler; and    -   f. a metallic hydroxide.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig further includes an oil.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one gel pig includes a rear pig and a front pig of differentcompositions.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepig train is adapted to conform to an inner profile of the pipeline.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theinner profile of the pipeline is reduced in diameter in at least onesection by at least 20%.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theinner profile of the pipeline is reduced in diameter in at least onesection by at least 50%.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the innerprofile of the pipeline is reduced in diameter in at least one sectionby at least 75%.

Yet further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theinner profile of the pipeline is further increased in the diameter in atleast one section by at least 20%.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theinner profile of the pipeline is increased in the diameter in at leastone section by at least 50%.

Importantly, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theinner profile of the pipeline is increased in the diameter in at leastone section by at least 75%.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, A thesystem further includes a pressurized fluid for propelling the systemfrom a first end thereof along the pipeline.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid includes a liquid.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid includes a gas.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid includes a tri-phase composition.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid is at a pressure of 1-150 bar.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the pigtrain is adapted to prevent a bypass of a propelling product by of morethan 30%. Additionally, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, the pig train is adapted to be extracted from the pipelinevia a conduit of less than two inch diameter at a pressure of less than3 bar.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thesystem further includes a counter pressurized fluid forcounter-pressurizing the pig train from a second end thereof.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thecounter pressurized fluid is for controlling velocity of movement of thepig train along the pipeline.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepig train can be launched from a pipe of a diameter of less than 75% ofthe pipeline.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the pigtrain can be launched from a pipe of a diameter of less than 50% of thepipeline.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention,herein the pig train can be launched from a pipe of a diameter of lessthan 75% of the pipeline. Additionally, according to an embodiment ofthe present invention, A the pig train can be launched from a pipe at anangle of greater than 30° to the pipeline.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the pigtrain can be launched from a pipe at an angle of greater than 60° to thepipeline.

Yet further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepig train can be launched from a pipe at an angle of greater than 80° tothe pipeline.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepig train can be launched from a pipe at a pressure in the range of 2-15bar.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the pigtrain can be launched from a pipe at a pressure of 2-4 bar.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepig train is adapted to travel through an obstruction in the pipelineand to be operative thereafter.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theobstruction selected from the group consisting of tuberculation,encrustation, a butterfly valve, a wedge, a nail, a screw, anobstructing element, an in-pipe meter, a service pipe ferrule, a baffle,a broomstick seal and combinations thereof.

There is thus provided according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, a system for curing at one leakage site in a pipeline, thesystem including;

-   -   a) at least one gel pig including;        -   a hygroscopic guar component in a concentration of 0.5-10%            w/w;        -   boric acid (0.3-1 molar) in a concentration of 0.01-6% w/w;            and        -   water in a concentration of 70-99.5% w/w;    -   b) at least one sealant composition including;    -   at least one of;    -   a multiplicity of plugging devices including pores with at least        composition disposed in the pores, the least one composition        including at least one resinous composition and at least one        hardening composition; and    -   a multiplicity of natural fibers, a hardener, a resinous        component;

wherein the at least one gel pig and the carrier composition form a pigtrain, adapted to move along the pipeline to a region of the at leastone leakage and to seal the at least one leakage.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theat least one gel pig includes one gel pig and the at least one sealantcomposition includes a carrier fluid composition.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention the atleast one gel pig includes two gel pigs and the at least one sealantcomposition includes one sealant composition.

Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present invention the atleast one gel pig includes three gel pigs and the at least one sealantcomposition includes two sealant compositions.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention the atleast one gel pig includes;

-   -   at least 92% water;    -   at least 1.5% boric acid;    -   at least 1% base; and    -   at least 1.5% hydroxypropyl guar gum.

Yet further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the atleast one gel pig includes;

-   -   at least 92% water;    -   at least 1.5% boric acid 0.6 molar;    -   at least 1% base; and    -   at least 1.5% hydroxypropyl guar gum.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thesystem further includes a pressurized fluid for propelling the systemfrom a first end thereof along the pipeline.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid includes a liquid.

Importantly, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thepressurized fluid is at a pressure of 0.4-150 bar.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thesystem further includes a counter pressurized fluid forcounter-pressurizing the pig train from a second end thereof.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, themultiplicity of fibers are hemp fibers.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thehardening composition includes diethylenetriamine, bisphenol A,isophorondiamine and benzyl alcohol

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, theresinous composition includes an epoxy resin.

Moreover, according to an embodiment of the present invention, thecarrier fluid composition includes silica, aluminum hydroxide,hydroxyethyl cellulose, vegetable oil and water. Additionally, accordingto an embodiment of the present invention, the carrier fluid compositionincludes at least 80% water.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the followingdetailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof, takentogether with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described in connection with certain preferredembodiments with reference to the following illustrative figures so thatit may be more fully understood.

With specific reference now to the figures in detail, it is stressedthat the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes ofillustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention only and are presented in the cause of providing what isbelieved to be the most useful and readily understood description of theprinciples and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, noattempt is made to show structural details of the invention in moredetail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of theinvention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent tothose skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may beembodied in practice.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1A is a simplified pictorial illustration showing a system forsealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 1B is a simplified pictorial illustration showing another systemfor sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 1C is a simplified pictorial illustration showing another systemfor sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 1D is a simplified pictorial illustration showing another systemfor sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified flow chart of a method for sealing a pipeline, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing apipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing apipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a simplified pictorial illustration showing a system forsealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention

FIG. 6 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing apipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a simplified pictorial illustration showing another system forsealing a leak in a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing a leakin a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing a leakin a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 10 is a simplified flow chart of another method for sealing a leakin a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

In all the figures similar reference numerals identify similar parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In the detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, itwill be understood by those skilled in the art that these are specificembodiments and that the present invention may be practiced also indifferent ways that embody the characterizing features of the inventionas described and claimed herein.

By “seal” or “sealing”, is meant stopping flow from a leakage site, suchas a crack or hole.

By “cure” or “curing” is meant permanently preventing flow from aleakage site, such as a crack or hole, for at least one month.

The pigs, sealant compositions, carrier fluid compositions and chipsused in the present invention may be any described in the followingpatents/patent applications, incorporated herein byreference:—WO2008/081441, to Perstnev et al., WO2016042541A1,WO2016098093A1, WO2016098094A1, WO2016098095A1, U.S. Pat. Nos.9,045,648, 9,738,798B2, US20170299108A1, US20170363245A1 andUS20180003330A1.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, which is a simplified pictorialillustration showing a system 100 for sealing a pipeline, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention.

System 100 is constructed and configured to seal a pipeline 106comprising at least one leakage site 108, such as a crack or hole.System 100 comprises a sealant composition 102 and a gel pig 104. System100 is adapted to travel along the pipeline using a first pressure force110 to the rear of the gel pig and a counter force 112 upstream (lesserthan force 110). Some non-limiting examples of the gel pig compositionsappear in the examples hereinbelow. Some non-limiting examples of thesealant compositions are disclosed in Israel Patent No. 180474.

A non-limiting example of composition 104 is:

-   -   a) At least one organic or inorganic filler selected from carbon        ash, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,        magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, titanium hydroxide,        silica, similar fillers and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0.01-3% wt/wt.    -   b) At least one gelling agent selected from carrageenan, agar        agar, hydroxymethylcelluose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,        hydroxypropyl cellulose and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0 to 20% wt/wt.    -   c) A coloring agent selected from a water soluble dye, a water        insoluble dye, a paint, an oxide, a metal oxide and combinations        thereof in a weight ratio of 0 to 1% wt/wt.    -   d) At least one surfactant selected from an ionic surfactant, an        anionic surfactant, a detergent, an edible oil, an inedible oil        and combinations thereof in a weight ratio of 0.01 to 10% wt/wt.    -   e) At least one aqueous agent selected from sea water, tap        water, distilled water, ice and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 20 to 90% wt/wt.

Another non-limiting example of gel pig composition 104 is in accordancewith the composition in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Exemplary composition of a front or rear gel pig ConstituentConstituent % CAS Numbers Concentration Hydroxypropyl 0.5-5% 39421-75-5— Guar Gum Sodium hydroxide  0-5% 1310-73-2 0.4% w/w Boric Acid 0.5-5%10043-35-3 0.59 molar weight = 3.65% w/w Water 85-99.5%  —   100%

FIG. 1B shows a simplified pictorial illustration showing another system120 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. System 120 comprises two gel pigs 104, 106. These gelpigs may be of identical or different compositions. These are termedherein a rear gel pig 104 and a front gel pig 106. Dispersed between thetwo gel pigs is sealant composition 102. Some non-limiting examples ofthe gel pig compositions appear in the examples hereinbelow. Somenon-limiting examples of the sealant compositions are disclosed inIsrael Patent No. 180474.

There can be seen in FIG. 1C a simplified pictorial illustration showinganother system 140 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. System 140 comprises three gel pigs104, 114, 118 and two sealant compositions 102, 116. These gel pigs maybe of identical or different compositions. Likewise, sealantcompositions 102, 116 may be identical or different. Some non-limitingexamples of the gel pig compositions appear in the examples hereinbelow.Some non-limiting examples of the sealant compositions are disclosed inIsrael Patent No. 180474.

A non-limiting example of composition 114 is:

-   -   a) At least one organic or inorganic filler selected from carbon        ash, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,        magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, titanium hydroxide,        silica, similar fillers and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0.01-10% wt/wt.    -   b) At least one gelling agent selected from carrageenan, agar        agar, hydroxymethylcelluose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,        hydroxypropyl cellulose and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0 to 30% wt/wt.    -   c) A coloring agent selected from a water soluble dye, a water        insoluble dye, a paint, an oxide, a metal oxide and combinations        thereof in a weight ratio of 0 to 1% wt/wt.    -   d) At least one surfactant selected from an ionic surfactant, an        anionic surfactant, a detergent, an edible oil, an inedible oil        and combinations thereof in a weight ratio of 0.01 to 20% wt/wt.    -   e) At least one aqueous agent selected from sea water, tap        water, distilled water, ice and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 20 to 85% wt/wt.

A non-limiting example of composition 118 is:

-   -   a) At least one organic or inorganic filler selected from carbon        ash, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,        magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, titanium hydroxide,        silica, similar fillers and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0.01-10% wt/wt.    -   b) At least one gelling agent selected from carrageenan, agar        agar, hydroxymethylcelluose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,        hydroxypropyl cellulose and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0 to 30% wt/wt.    -   c) A coloring agent selected from a water soluble dye, a water        insoluble dye, a paint, an oxide, a metal oxide and combinations        thereof in a weight ratio of 0 to 1% wt/wt.    -   d) At least one surfactant selected from an ionic surfactant, an        anionic surfactant, a detergent, an edible oil, an inedible oil        and combinations thereof in a weight ratio of 0.01 to 20% wt/wt.    -   e) At least one aqueous agent selected from sea water, tap        water, distilled water, ice and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 20 to 85% wt/wt.

FIG. 1D is a simplified pictorial illustration showing another system160 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. System 160 comprises two gel pigs 114, 170 and asealant composition 102 or 116 disposed therebetween. The front gel pig114 may be similar or identical to those described herein. The rear gelpig 170 comprises at least two or three different compositions 122, 124,126, for introduction into a pipeline sequentially (first 122, then 124and thereafter 126).

A non-limiting example of composition 122 or composition 124 orcomposition 126 is:

-   -   a) At least one organic or inorganic filler selected from carbon        ash, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,        magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, titanium hydroxide,        silica, similar fillers and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0.01-3% wt/wt.    -   b) At least one gelling agent selected from carrageenan, agar        agar, hydroxymethylcelluose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,        hydroxypropyl cellulose and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 0 to 20% wt/wt.    -   c) A coloring agent selected from a water soluble dye, a water        insoluble dye, a paint, an oxide, a metal oxide and combinations        thereof in a weight ratio of 0 to 1% wt/wt.    -   d) At least one surfactant selected from an ionic surfactant, an        anionic surfactant, a detergent, an edible oil, an inedible oil        and combinations thereof in a weight ratio of 0.01 to 10% wt/wt.    -   e) At least one aqueous agent selected from sea water, tap        water, distilled water, ice and combinations thereof in a weight        ratio of 20 to 90% wt/wt.

Additionally or alternatively, the rear gel pig comprises fourcompositions, five compositions, six compositions, seven compositions,eight compositions or another multiplicity of compositions. A fourthcomposition 128 (not shown), a fifth composition 130 (not shown), asixth composition 132 (not shown).

When six compositions are applied the first composition (front to back)serves as a separator between the sealing composition and the secondcomposition. It has a density of 1.0-1.5 g/cm³. The second composition,together with the third composition, forms a two (horizontal) layersealant body preventing the bypass of the liquid propellant. The secondcomposition has a density of 0.9-1.5 g/cm³ and the third composition hasa density of 0.8-1.2 g/cm³. The fourth and fifth compositions isolatethe third composition from the propelling liquid. Respective densitiesare 1.0-1.8 g/cm³ and 0.8-1.2 g/cm³. The sixth composition is a gelsealant, whose purpose is to temporarily seal the pig train from therear upon launch. It has a density of 0.8-1.2 g/cm³.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified flow chart of amethod 200 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention, with reference to FIG. 1A. A sealant composition,such as sealant composition 102 is introduced to pipeline 106 in asealant composition introducing step 202. This may be performed from oneend of the pipe or from a manhole or vertical.

Thereafter, gel pig 104 is introduced from the same end of the pipe asthe sealant composition or from a manhole or vertical, in a gel pigcomposition introducing step 202.

The combination of the sealant composition 102 and gel pig 104 is termedherein a “pig train”. The pig train travels along the pipe in atravelling step 206 to site 108 of the leakage. The sealant compositionis operative to seal the leakage in a sealing step 208. It typicallytakes a few minutes to several hours until the seal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pig 104 is of approximately the same diameter as theinner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters in length.The physical properties of the gel pig appear in Table 4.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a simplified flow chart ofanother method 300 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention, with reference to FIG. 1.

A first gel pig 114 is introduced to the pipe in an introducing pig step302. The gel pig may be introduced from a fire hydrant, from a manhole,vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe.

A sealant composition, such as sealant composition 102 is introduced topipeline 106, from a fire hydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateralpipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe, in a sealant compositionintroducing step 304. This may be performed from one end of the pipe orfrom a manhole or vertical.

Thereafter, a second gel pig 104 is introduced from the same end of thepipe, from a fire hydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe,communication pipe or from a branch pipe, as the sealant composition, ina second gel pig composition introducing step 306.

The combination of the sealants composition 102 and gel pigs 114, 104 istermed herein a “pig train”. The pig train travels along the pipe in atravelling step 308 to site 108 of the leakage. The sealant compositionis operative to seal the leakage in a sealing step 310. It typicallytakes a few minutes to several hours until the seal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pigs 104, 114 are of approximately the same diameter asthe inner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters inlength. The physical properties of the front gel pig 114 appear in Table5.

The pig train is typically recovered from the pipeline in an exit pipestep 312.

FIG. 4 is a simplified flow chart of another method 400 for sealing apipeline, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention,with reference to FIG. 1C.

A first gel pig 118 is introduced to the pipe in a first introducing pigstep 402. The gel pig may be introduced from a fire hydrant, from amanhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branchpipe.

A sealant composition, such as sealant composition 116 is introduced topipeline 106 in a first sealant composition introducing step 404. Thismay be performed from one end of the pipe or from a manhole from a firehydrant, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe orvertical.

Thereafter, a second gel pig 114 is introduced from the same end of thepipe as the first sealant composition or from a fire hydrant, from amanhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branchpipe, in a second gel pig composition introducing step 406.

A second sealant composition, such as sealant composition 102 isintroduced to pipeline 106 from a fire hydrant, from a manhole,vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe in asecond sealant composition introducing step 408. This may be performedfrom one end of the pipe or from a manhole or vertical.

Thereafter, a third gel pig 104 is introduced from the same end of thepipe as the first and second sealant composition from a fire hydrant,from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from abranch pipe, in a third gel pig composition introducing step 410.

The combination of the sealants compositions 102, 116 and gel pigs 118,114 and 104 is termed herein a “pig train”. The pig train travels alongthe pipe in a travelling step 412 to site 108 of the leakage. Thesealant composition(s) is/are operative to seal the leakage in a sealingstep 414. It typically takes a few minutes to several hours until theseal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pigs 104, 114, 118 are of approximately the same diameteras the inner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters inlength. The physical properties of the front/middle gel pig 118/114appear in Table 5.

The pig train is typically recovered from the pipeline in an exit pipestep 416. In some cases, one or more of the gel pigs may be replacedwith a polymer pig, such as polyurethane.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a simplified pictorialillustration showing a system 500 for sealing a pipeline, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention.

System 500 comprises a front gel pig 114 and a real gel pig 104. Asealant composition 102 is disposed between pigs 114 and 104, forming apig train 120. A fluid 502 is inserted into a pipeline 501, from a firehydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe orfrom a branch pipe, and a first pressure P₁ 506 is applied to fluid 502.Additionally a second counter-pressure P₂, 508 is applied to a secondfluid 504. Typically P₁ is much greater than P₂. The average velocity ofpig train 120 is determined by the fluid properties and a pressuredifference (P₁−P₂).

Pressure P1 is introduced by a pump 512, pressure from an existingnetwork or any other suitable pressure introducing means, known in theart. The pressure P1 is typically regulated by control means, as areknown in the art.

Pressure P2 may be introduced by any suitable passive means, such as apressure relief valve 514, a discharge valve, a pressure regulator orthe like.

The gel pigs of the present invention provide the following advantages:—

-   -   1) Gel pigs are adapted to multi-dimensioned pipes—adaption to        variable and changing diameters in situ.    -   2) Non-abrasive very non-abrasive (in contrast to poly pigs,        which may get stuck in a pipeline, induce a reddening of water,        induce a change of pH of the water, or may abrade tubicles.    -   3) Gel pigs of the present invention are to introduce into pipe        and to remove from pips providing system flexibility.    -   4) Gel pigs of the present invention do not normally get stuck        in the pipe (better than polymer (solid) pigs and due to their        fluidity, can always be flushed out.    -   5) The rear pig does not compromise/dislodge disengage newly        formed seals, in contrast to solid pigs.    -   6) Gel pigs of the present invention are fully flushable (in        contrast, solid pigs leave debris).    -   7) A front pig of the present invention allows water to bypass        and overtake-allows escape route to prevent/minimize sealant        composition dilution.    -   8) In a two pig system, the rear pig acts differently to the        front pig.    -   9) Pig receiver/retriever for solid pigs is not required for gel        pigs.    -   10) The gel pigs of the present invention are biodegradable.    -   11) Gel pigs of the present invention require reduced        transportation costs—here can be formulated at/near the site of        use. Saving on transport costs.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A gel pig is formed according to the following method.

-   -   1) Chemical constituents were obtained in accordance with any of        Tables 1-3.    -   2) A gel pig mixture was made by mixing the components of table        1 in a stirred vessel for several (1-30) minutes at ambient        temperature and pressure.    -   3) The resultant gel formed was stored in a closed container in        the dark for 0-60 days at room temperature before use.

TABLE 2 Chemical composition of gel pig Functional Example ComponentConstituent Weight percent [%] Hygroscopic Cellulose, gum,  1-10component gelatin or other surfactant Oil or other 0-8 Base Aluminum 0-20 hydroxide Particulate Silica 0-2 Carrier fluid Water 70-95 Total100

Another non-limiting example of composition of a gel pig is inaccordance with the composition in the table below:

TABLE 3 Exemplary composition of a front 106, 114 or rear gel pig (104)Constituent % Range Constituent weight % CAS Numbers MolarityHydroxypropyl 0.5-5 39421-75-5 — Guar Gum Sodium hydroxide 0.1-41310-73-2 0.4% w/w Boric Acid 0.1-6 10043-35-3 0.2-2 molar weight =3.65% w/w Water    70-99.5 —

According to some embodiments, the physical properties of the gel pigsappear as in tables 4 and/or 5.

According to one or more embodiments, hydrophobic solvents are liquidoils originating from vegetable, marine or animal sources. The canolaoil exemplified may be replaced by any suitable liquid oil includingsaturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils. By way of example, theunsaturated oil may be olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil,coconut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, borage seed oil, syzigiumaromaticum oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, salmon oil,flaxseed oil, wheat germ oil, canola oil, evening primrose oils ormixtures thereof, in any proportion.

According to one or more embodiments, the silica exemplified may bereplaced by a) microsponges, b) silica, c) mineral bodies like zeolite,bentonite, (iii) graphite, including polymers, dendrimers and liposomes,or mixtures thereof, in any proportion.

According to one or more embodiments, the aluminum hydroxide exemplifiedmay be replaced by minerals such as aluminum phosphate and calciumphosphate or mixtures thereof, in any proportion.

According to one or more embodiments, the hydroxyethyl celluloseexemplified may be replaced by any at least one polymeric additiveselected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, naturalpolysaccharides, derivatives thereof, modified poysacharides,derivatives thereof, starch, dextrin, glycogen, cellulose and chitin,glycosaminoglycans (GAG's), chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate,keratan sulphate, heparan sulphate, heparin, and hyaluronan, amylose andamylopectine, cellulose derivatives, xanthan gum, sodium CMC,methylcellulose, and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose or mixturesthereof, in any proportion.

Specific non limiting examples of surfactants are an ionic surfactant, anon-ionic surfactant, a hydrophobic surfactant or mixtures thereof, inany proportion.

Exemplary hygroscopic agents that can be used in accordance with one ormore embodiments include, for example, naturally-occurring polymericmaterials, such as locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate,egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenan gum, sodium alginate, xanthangum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, starch, chemicallymodified starches and the like, semi-synthetic polymeric materials suchas cellulose ethers (e.g. hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose,carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose), guar gum,hydroxypropyl guar gum, soluble starch, cationic celluloses, cationicguars, and the like, and synthetic polymeric materials, such ascarboxyvinyl polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol,polyacrylic acid polymers, polymethacrylic acid polymers, polyvinylacetate polymers, polyvinyl chloride polymers, polyvinylidene chloridepolymers and the like. Mixtures of the above compounds are contemplated.

According to some further embodiments, a base may be selected fromsodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide and combinations thereof.

TABLE 4 Physical and Chemical properties of rear gel pig minimum maximumViscosity cPs 5 10000 Density g/cm³ 0.8 1.2

TABLE 5 Physical and Chemical properties of front gel pig minimummaximum Viscosity cPs 5 10000 Density g/cm³ 0.8 1.5

Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which is a simplified flow chart 600 ofanother method for sealing a leak in a pipeline, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention, with reference to system 700 (FIG.7).

A fluid composition, such as fiber-in-sealant composition 702 (Table 15)is introduced to pipeline 701 in a fiber-in-sealant compositionintroducing step 601. This may be performed from one end of the pipe orfrom a manhole from a fire hydrant, lateral pipe, communication pipe orfrom a branch pipe or vertical.

A first gel pig composition 706 is introduced to the pipe in a firstintroducing pig step 602. The gel pig may be introduced from a firehydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe orfrom a branch pipe.

Thereafter, an optional second gel pig 704 is introduced from the sameend of the pipe as the first sealant composition or from a fire hydrant,from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from abranch pipe, in a second gel pig composition introducing step 604.

The combination of the fiber-in-sealant composition 702 and gel pig(s)706, 704, is termed herein a “pig train”. The pig train travels alongthe pipe in a travelling step 608 to a site 108 of the leakage. Thefiber-in-sealant composition 702 (or alternatively carrier fluidcomposition(s) providing at least one of plugging devices (also calledchips)) is/are operative to seal and cure the leakage in a sealing step610. It typically takes a few minutes to several hours until the seal isfully cured.

The chips of the present invention may be those disclosed inUS20170363244A1, for example, incorporated herein by reference.

The natural fibers may comprise fibers of a plant, animal, mineral,petrochemical origin and combinations thereof.

The fibers collected from the seeds of various plants are known as seedfibers. Fibers collected from the cells of a leaf are known as leaffibers, such as ex.-pina, banana, etc.

Bast fibers are collected from the outer cell layers of the plant'sstem. These fibers are used for durable yarn, fabric, packaging, andpaper. Some examples are flax, jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, ramie,rattan and vine fibers.

For example, the hemp fiber used may comprise one or more of thefollowing: NM8.5/1 (count 8.5 with 1 ply), NM8.5/3 (count 8.5 with 3ply) and NM8.5/5 (count 8.5 with 5 ply) 100% hemp long fiber yarnringspun/OE Bleached. Eco-Friendly, Anti-Bacteria, Anti-UV,Moisture-Absorbent

Fibers collected from the fruit of the plant, e.g. coconut fiber (coir)bers from the stalks of plants, e.g. straws of wheat, rice, barley,bamboo and straw.

Plant fibers are rich in cellulose and they are a cheap, easilyrenewable source of fibers with the potential for polymer reinforcement.The presence of surface impurities and the large amount of hydroxylgroups make plant fibers less attractive for reinforcement of polymericmaterials. Hemp, sisal, jute, and kapok fibers were subjected toalkalization by using sodium hydroxide.

The nanofibers are bundles of cellulose fibers of widths ranging between30 and 100 nm and estimated lengths of several micrometers. The chemicalanalysis showed that selective chemical treatments increased theα-cellulose content of hemp nanofibers from 75 to 94%.

Natural fibers may include one or more of hemp, jute, flax cotton, softwood, Ramie, Sisal and Bamboo.

Typically, the natural fibers are received as a long yarn. The long yarnmay be one-ply, two-ply, three-ply, four-ply or any number of ply orcombinations thereof. The long yarn are cut in a cutting step to be ofeasily manageable dimensions. For example, 8.5 mm and 1-ply. The cutfibers may be stored in a storing step before use.

In one non-limiting example, hemp yarn has a size of Nm 10 (Nm 10yarn=10,000 meters per kilogram, or about 4,960 yards per pound) fromsingle to multiple plies of 2, 3, 6 and 12 in either natural or bleached(using peroxide. In other embodiments, the following types of yarn areused:—NM8.5/1 (count 8.5 with 1 ply), NM8.5/3 (count 8.5 with 3 ply) andNM8.5/5 (count 8.5 with 5 ply) 100% hemp long fiber yarn ringspun/oeBleached. Eco-Friendly, Anti-Bacteria, Anti-UV, Moisture-Absorbent. Insome cases, the yarn is made from earth-friendly wet spun hemp, theseyarns are smooth and durable The yarns may be provided on spools or inpackages and may be single-ply, 2-ply, 3-ply, 5-ply, 6-ply and 12-ply orcombinations thereof. In some cases, the following types are used:NM8.5/1 (count 8.5 with 1 ply), NM8.5/3 (count 8.5 with 3 ply) andNM8.5/5 (count 8.5 with 5 ply) 100% hemp long fiber yarn ringspun/orbleached. eco-friendly, anti-bacterial, anti-UV and moisture-absorbent.

The pig train is typically recovered from the pipeline in an exit pipestep 612.

A non-limiting example of a carrier fluid composition is provided inTable 6 hereinbelow.

TABLE 6 Example of a carrier fluid composition. Weight percent Componentrange CAS NUMBER(S) Pyrogenic silica 0-3% 112945-52-5 Synthetic 0-3%21645-51-2 aluminum hydroxide Hydroxyethyl 0.1-5%  9004-62-0, 127-09-3,cellulose 9004-34-6, 107-22-2 Vegetable oil 5-30%  120962-03-0 water20-99%  Total 100

A non-limiting example of a gel pig composition 704, 706 is provided inTable 7 hereinbelow.

TABLE 7 Exemplary composition of a front or rear gel pig ConstituentConstituent % CAS Numbers Concentration Hydroxypropyl 0.5-5% 39421-75-5— Guar Gum Sodium hydroxide  0-5% 1310-73-2 0.4% w/w Boric Acid 0.1-5%10043-35-3 0.59 molar weight = 3.65% w/w Water 80-99.5%  —   100%

Another non-limiting example of a gel pig composition 704, 706 isprovided in Table 8 hereinbelow.

TABLE 8 Exemplary composition of a front or rear gel pig ConstituentConstituent weight % CAS Numbers Hydroxyethyl- 1-15% 9004-62-0,127-09-3, cellulose 9004-34-6, 107-22-2 Vegetable oil 5-30% 120962-03-0Water 40-99.5%    100%

Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a simplified pictorialillustration showing another system 700 for sealing a pipeline, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

System 700 comprises two rear gel pigs 704, 706 and one of a carrierfluid composition, a sealant composition and a fiber-in-sealantcomposition 702, forming a pig train 170. The pig train is introduced toa pipeline 701 or pipeline 106 (FIG. 1A—each of which may comprise amains pipe and many laterals and secondary laterals, for example, but isshown as a straight pipe, for the sake of simplicity). This may beperformed from one end of the pipe or from a manhole from a firehydrant, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe orvertical.

At least one of a carrier fluid composition, a sealant composition and afiber-in-sealant composition 702 is then inserted into the pipeline 701,after the pig train, from a fire hydrant, from a manhole, vertical,lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe, and a firstpressure P₁ 706 is applied to fluid 713. Additionally a secondcounter-pressure P₂, 708 is applied to a second fluid 711. Typically P₁is much greater than P₂. The average velocity of pig train 720 isdetermined by the fluid properties and a pressure difference (P₁−P₂).

Pressure P1 is introduced by a pump 712, pressure from an existingnetwork or any other suitable pressure introducing means, known in theart. The pressure P1 is typically regulated by control means, as areknown in the art.

Pressure P2 may be introduced by any suitable passive means, such as apressure relief valve 714, a discharge valve, a pressure regulator orthe like.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a simplified flow chart ofanother method 800 for sealing a leak in a pipeline with reference toFIGS. 1A-1D and 7, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

Fibers are prepared and soaked in a mixture of compositions A and B.

Composition A comprises hardener (CAS Nos. Diethylenetriamine 1140-40-0,Bisphenol A 80-05-7, Isophorondiamine 2855-13-2, and Benzyl alcohol100-51-6, obtained from Polymer Gvulot Ltd. Kibbutz Gvulot 85525Israel).

TABLE 9 ingredients in composition A WEIGHT PERCENT % CAS NO.Diethylenetriamine 10-50 1140-40-0 Bisphenol A 10-30 80-05-7Isophorondiamine 20-40 2855-13-2 Benzyl alcohol 20-50 100-51-6 TOTAL 100

In another embodiment of the present invention, the formulation ofcomposition A appears in table 10.

TABLE 10 ingredients in composition A WEIGHT PERCENT % CAS NO.Diethylenetriamine 32.1 1140-40-0 Bisphenol A 11.5 80-05-7Isophorondiamine 34.5 2855-13-2 Benzyl alcohol 21.9 100-51-6 TOTAL 100

Composition B comprises Epoxy resin (comprising 35068-38-6Phenol-Formaldehyde Polymer Glycidyl Ether and 68609-97-2 Alkyl(C12-C14) glycidyl ether) and acts as a resinous composition.

TABLE 11 ingredients in composition B WEIGHT PERCENT % CAS NO. Phenol-0-20 35068-38-6 Formaldehyde Polymer Glycidyl Ether Alkyl (C12-C14) 5-1568609-97-2 glycidyl ether) YD-128  50-96% 25068-38-6 Dynaslan glymo 0-1 2530-83-8 Byk 066 0-4  108-83-8 TOTAL 100

In another embodiment of the present invention, the formulation ofcomposition B appears in table 12.

TABLE 12 ingredients in composition B WEIGHT PERCENT % CAS NO. Phenol-3.2 35068-38-6 Formaldehyde Polymer Glycidyl Ether Alkyl (C12-C14) 11.568609-97-2 glycidyl ether) YD-128 82.7 25068-38-6 Dynaslan glymo 0.52530-83-8 Byk 066 2.1 108-83-8 TOTAL 100

The fibers are cut and mixed with a carrier fluid composition (Table 6)to form a fiber-in-sealant composition.

Another non-limiting example of a carrier fluid composition is providedin Table 13 hereinbelow.

TABLE 13 Example of a carrier fluid composition. Weight Componentpercent CAS NUMBER(S) Pyrogenic silica 0.4 112945-52-5 Synthetic 0.7521645-51-2 aluminum hydroxide Hydroxyethyl 4.1 9004-62-0, 127-09-3,cellulose 9004-34-6, 107-22-2 Vegetable oil 18.05 120962-03-0 water20-99% total 100

A non-limiting example of the fiber-in-sealant composition appears inTable 14 herein below.

TABLE 14 Example of Fiber-in-Sealant composition 702 Weight percentComponent range CAS NO. A 0.5-4  B 1-7 Cut fibers 0.5-5  Silica 1-6112945-52-5 Carrier fluid 85-98 composition total 100

A fiber-in-sealant composition, such as sealant composition 702 isintroduced to pipeline 106 in a fiber-in-sealant composition introducingstep 802. This may be performed from one end of the pipe or from amanhole or vertical.

Thereafter, gel pig 704 and/or 706 is introduced from the same end ofthe pipe as the fiber-in-sealant composition or from a manhole orvertical, in a gel pig composition introducing step 804. Othercombinations of gel pigs per FIG. 1A-1D are also within the scope ofthis step.

The combination of the fiber-in-sealant composition 702 and gel pig(s)704, 706 is termed herein a “pig train”. The pig train travels along thepipe in a travelling step 706 to site 108 of the leakage. Thefiber-in-sealant composition is operative to seal the leakage in asealing step 808. It typically takes a few minutes to several hoursuntil the seal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pig 704 is of approximately the same diameter as theinner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters in length.The physical properties of the gel pig appear in Table 4.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a simplified flow chart ofanother method 900 for sealing a pipeline, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention, with reference to FIG. 7 and FIGS.1A-1D.

A first gel pig 106 is introduced to the pipe in an introducing pig step902. The gel pig may be introduced from a fire hydrant, from a manhole,vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe.

A fiber-in-sealant composition, such as sealant composition 702 isintroduced to pipeline 106, from a fire hydrant, from a manhole,vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe, in asealant composition introducing step 904. This may be performed from oneend of the pipe or from a manhole or vertical.

Thereafter, a second gel pig 104 is introduced from the same end of thepipe, from a fire hydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe,communication pipe or from a branch pipe, as the sealant composition, ina second gel pig composition introducing step 906.

The combination of the fiber-in-sealant composition 702 and gel pigs104, 106 is termed herein a “pig train”. The pig train travels along thepipe in a travelling step 908 to site 108 of the leakage. Thefiber-in-sealant composition is operative to seal the leakage in asealing step 910. It typically takes a few minutes to several hoursuntil the seal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pigs 104, 106 are of approximately the same diameter asthe inner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters inlength.

The pig train is typically recovered from the pipeline in an exit pipestep 912.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a simplified flow chart ofanother method 1000 for sealing a leak 108 in a pipeline 106, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

It should be understood that all the flowcharts and methods herein maybe repeated in part or fully to seal a number of leakages. Moreover, insome cases the methods or parts thereof may be repeated to improve thesealant and/or curing properties of the seal/cure to properly seal oneor more pipelines. The flowcharts are simplified herein, for the purposeof explaining the invention, and should not be deemed limiting.

A first gel pig 118 is introduced to the pipe in a first introducing pigstep 1002. The gel pig may be introduced from a fire hydrant, from amanhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branchpipe.

A first fiber-in-sealant composition, such as sealant composition 702 isintroduced to pipeline 106 in a first fiber-in-sealant compositionintroducing step 1004. This may be performed from one end of the pipe orfrom a manhole from a fire hydrant, lateral pipe, communication pipe orfrom a branch pipe or vertical.

Thereafter, a second gel pig 114 is introduced from the same end of thepipe as the first sealant composition or from a fire hydrant, from amanhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branchpipe, in a second gel pig composition introducing step 1006.

A second fiber-in-sealant composition, such as fiber-in-sealantcomposition 702 is introduced to pipeline 106 from a fire hydrant, froma manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from a branchpipe in a second sealant composition introducing step 1008. This may beperformed from one end of the pipe or from a manhole or vertical.

Thereafter, a third gel pig 104 is introduced from the same end of thepipe as the first and second sealant composition from a fire hydrant,from a manhole, vertical, lateral pipe, communication pipe or from abranch pipe, in a third gel pig composition introducing step 1010.

The combination of the fiber-in-sealants compositions 702, 706 and gelpigs 118, 114 and 104 is termed herein a “pig train”. The pig traintravels along the pipe in a travelling step 1012 to site 108 of theleakage. The sealant composition(s) is/are operative to seal the leakagein a sealing step 1014. It typically takes a few minutes to severalhours until the seal is fully cured.

Typically, gel pigs 104, 114, 118 are of approximately the same diameteras the inner diameter of the pipe and is typically 0.5-10 diameters inlength. The physical properties of the front/middle gel pig 118/114appear in Table 5.

The pig train is typically recovered from the pipeline in an exit pipestep 1016. In some cases, one or more of the gel pigs may be replacedwith a polymer pig, such as polyurethane.

The references cited herein teach many principles that are applicable tothe present invention. Therefore the full contents of these publicationsare incorporated by reference herein where appropriate for teachings ofadditional or alternative details, features and/or technical background.

It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in itsapplication to the details set forth in the description contained hereinor illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of otherembodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways.Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that variousmodifications and changes can be applied to the embodiments of theinvention as hereinbefore described without departing from its scope,defined in and by the appended claims.

1. A system for curing at one leakage site in a pipeline, the systemcomprising: a) at least one gel pig comprising: i. a hygroscopic guarcomponent in a concentration of 0.5-10% w/w; ii. boric acid (0.3-1molar) in a concentration of 0.01-6% w/w; and iii. water in aconcentration of 70-99.5% w/w; b) at least one sealant compositioncomprising: i. at least one of: a) a multiplicity of plugging devicescomprising pores with at least composition disposed in said pores, saidleast one composition comprising at least one resinous composition andat least one hardening composition; and b) a multiplicity of naturalfibers, a hardener, a resinous component; wherein said at least one gelpig and said carrier composition form a pig train, adapted to move alongsaid pipeline to a region of said at least one leakage and to seal saidat least one leakage.
 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein said atleast one gel pig comprises one gel pig and said at least one sealantcomposition comprises a carrier fluid composition.
 3. A system accordingto claim 1, wherein said at least one gel pig comprises two gel pigs andsaid at least one sealant composition comprises one sealant composition.4. A system according to claim 1, wherein said at least one gel pigcomprises three gel pigs and said at least one sealant compositioncomprises two sealant compositions.
 5. A system according to claim 1,wherein said at least one gel pig comprises: a) at least 92% water; b)at least 1.5% boric acid; c) at least 1% base; and d) at least 1.5%hydroxypropyl guar gum.
 6. A system according to claim 5, wherein saidat least one gel pig comprises: a) at least 92% water; b) at least 1.5%boric acid 0.6 molar; c) at least 1% base; and d) at least 1.5%hydroxypropyl guar gum.
 7. A system according to claim 1, wherein saidsystem further comprises a pressurized fluid for propelling said systemfrom a first end thereof along said pipeline.
 8. A system according toclaim 7, wherein said pressurized fluid comprises a liquid.
 9. A systemaccording to claim 8, wherein said pressurized fluid is at a pressure of1-150 bar.
 10. A system according to claim 10, wherein said systemfurther comprises a counter pressurized fluid for counter-pressurizingsaid pig train from a second end thereof.
 11. A system according toclaim 1, wherein said at least one gel pig further comprises asurfactant.
 12. A system according to claim 1, wherein said basecomprises a metallic hydroxide.
 13. A system according to claim 1,wherein said pig train is adapted to travel through an obstruction insaid pipeline and to be operative thereafter.
 14. A system according toclaim 13, wherein said obstruction selected from the group consisting ofa tuberculation, encrustation, butterfly valve, a wedge, a nail, ascrew, an obstructing element, an in-pipe meter, a service pipe ferrule,a baffle, a broomstick seal and combinations thereof.
 15. A systemaccording to claim 1, wherein said pig train is adapted to be introducedto said pipeline from a fire hydrant, from a manhole, vertical, lateralpipe, communication pipe or from a branch pipe.
 16. A system accordingto claim 1, wherein said multiplicity of fibers are hemp fibers.
 17. Asystem according to claim 1, wherein said hardener comprisesdiethylenetriamine, bisphenol A, isophorondiamine and benzyl alcohol 18.A system according to claim 1, wherein said resinous component comprisesan epoxy resin.
 19. A system according to claim 2, wherein said carrierfluid composition comprises silica, aluminum hydroxide, hydroxyethylcellulose, vegetable oil and water.
 20. A system according to claim 19,wherein said carrier fluid composition comprises at least 80% water.